The Land of Gods

Uttarakhand

Devbhumi — where the Himalayas touch the heavens

0 sq km Area
0 Districts
0 m Nanda Devi
0 National Parks
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Land of Five Zones

From the tropical Tarai plains to the eternal snow of the Trans-Himalayas, Uttarakhand spans a dramatic altitudinal range of over 7,500 metres.

Trans-Himalaya / Himadri
3,000 — 7,817m
The Great Himalayan range. Home to Nanda Devi (7,817m), India's second highest peak, Kamet (7,756m), and over 30 glaciers. A perpetual cold desert called the Tethys Himalaya.
Greater Himalaya
3,000 — 7,000m
Width of 40–60 km. The zone containing most major peaks. Glacial landforms dominate above 3,000m. Valley of Flowers UNESCO World Heritage Site lies here.
Mid Himalaya (Himachal)
1,000 — 3,000m
60–90 km wide zone with Himachal ranges and lake basins. Includes the Mussoorie and Nag Tibba ranges. Brown forest soils rich in organic content.
Sub-Himalaya (Shivaliks)
300 — 1,000m
Youngest Himalayan range, 6–30 km wide. Gives way to the Doon valleys — flat longitudinal depressions. Tertiary soils suitable for tea cultivation.
Bhabar & Tarai
200 — 300m
The Bhabar is a porous gravel belt at the Himalayan foothills. Below it, the Tarai — fertile clayey loams supporting rice, sugarcane, and dense wildlife habitats.
Dehradun Chamoli Badrinath Kedarnath Nainital Rishikesh Haridwar Nanda Devi 7,817m SNOW & GLACIERS DENSE FORESTS TARAI PLAINS Tibet → Nepal → Himachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh N

How the Land is Used

86% of Uttarakhand is mountainous terrain, leaving only 14% for cultivation — yet this small fraction supports millions of farmers across diverse agro-climatic zones.

Forest & Wasteland Cover86%
Cultivable Area14%
Net Irrigated Area (of cultivable)45%
Small & Marginal Holdings89%
Agriculture's GDP Share23%
0.95 ha
Avg. land holding size
vs 1.57 ha national avg.
24,305
sq km forest cover (ISFR 2021)
45.44% of state area
73% RAINFED Contour (25%) Terrace (37%) Jhum (19%) Commercial (19%)

Cultural Tapestry

Uttarakhand's culture is inseparable from its mountains — a living mosaic of ancient temple traditions, folk art, seasonal festivals, and the timeless rhythms of Himalayan life.

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Char Dham

The four sacred sites — Badrinath (3,133m), Kedarnath (3,581m), Gangotri, and Yamunotri — form one of Hinduism's most revered pilgrimage circuits, drawing millions annually.

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Aipan Folk Art

A traditional painting form of Kumaon with deep social and religious significance, now bearing the GI tag. Aipan motifs adorn worship spaces, doorways, and courtyards throughout the region.

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Folk Dances

Langvir Nritya's acrobatic bamboo-pole feats, Pandav Nritya retelling Mahabharata epics, and the seasonal Chounphula performed at night under the stars by entire communities.

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Fairs & Festivals

Jauljibi Fair at the Nepal border confluence, Uttarayani in Bageshwar, the ancient Nanda Devi Fair with roots in the 16th century — each a confluence of commerce, culture, and devotion.

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Folk Songs

Mangal wedding hymns, melancholic Khuded songs of separation, Bajuband love dialogues between shepherds, and the spiritual Jaggar — each a window into Garhwali and Kumaoni soul.

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Cuisine

Buckwheat (Madua), coarse grains, Bal Mithai, kafuli, phaanu, chainsoo — a cuisine defined by the mountain terrain, with Jakhiya seeds as the signature spice and desi ghee as the medium.

Himalayan Biodiversity

Home to 5 national parks, 7 wildlife sanctuaries, and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, Uttarakhand protects some of Asia's most threatened species in landscapes of extraordinary beauty.

Est. 1936 · India's Oldest
Jim Corbett National Park
520.82 sq km · Nainital & Pauri · Tiger Reserve

Founded as Hailey National Park to protect the Bengal Tiger. Dense deciduous Sal forests in the Shivalik-Himalayan zone. Home to India's most celebrated tiger population.

🐅 Bengal Tiger 🐘 Asian Elephant 🐆 Leopard 🐍 Indian Python 🦌 Sambar
UNESCO World Heritage
Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
6,407 sq km · Chamoli · Inscribed 1988

Encompasses Nanda Devi NP and Valley of Flowers NP. Over 30 glaciers, snow-clad peaks, and rare endangered species in one of the world's most pristine Himalayan ecosystems.

🐆 Snow Leopard 🦌 Musk Deer 🐻 Himalayan Bear 🐑 Blue Sheep
UNESCO World Heritage · 1982
Valley of Flowers NP
87 sq km · Chamoli · Discovered 1931

Discovered by Frank Smyth between the Nar and Gandh mountains. Over 300 species of alpine wildflowers including the sacred Brahmakamal. The Pushpwati river flows through this ethereal valley.

🌸 Brahmakamal 🌺 Blue Poppy 🦅 Himalayan Vulture 🐺 Red Fox
Ramsar Wetland Site · 2020
Asan Wetland Conservation Reserve
444 ha · Dehradun · Est. 2005

Uttarakhand's first Ramsar site. The Asan Barrage (1967) created bird-friendly silt habitats supporting 330 bird species, including the critically endangered Red-headed Vulture and Baer's Pochard.

🦅 Red-headed Vulture 🦆 Baer's Pochard 330+ Bird Species

Species Richness

330+
Bird Species
at Asan alone
300+
Wildflower Species
Valley of Flowers
30+
Glaciers in the
Nanda Devi Reserve
5
National Parks
in the state

Sacred Rivers

Two of India's most sacred rivers — the Ganga and Yamuna — are born in Uttarakhand's glaciers, along with six major tributaries that together define the state's lifeblood.

Yamunotri Gangotri Kedarnath Badrinath Pithoragarh Yamuna Bhagirathi Mandakini Alaknanda Goriganga Devaprayag Ganges born here → Ganga
Ganga (Ganges)
Born at Devaprayag from the union of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda. Uttarakhand is the sacred birthplace of one of Earth's most worshipped rivers. Rishikesh and Haridwar mark its entry to the plains.
Origin: Gangotri Glacier, 3,892m elevation
Yamuna
Rising at Yamunotri (3,235m), the Yamuna and its major tributary the Tons form the state's westernmost watershed. Kalsi holds Emperor Ashoka's 3rd century BC rock edict near the Yamuna-Tons confluence.
Originating glacier elevation: 3,235m
Alaknanda
The principal stream of the Ganga system in Garhwal, fed by the Mandakini, Pindar, and Dhauliganga. The sacred town of Badrinath sits on its banks. Meets the Bhagirathi at Devaprayag.
Joins Bhagirathi at Devaprayag to form the Ganga

Forest Movements

The people of Uttarakhand have fought for their forests for generations, giving rise to movements that shaped India's environmental consciousness.

1930 · Tehri
Rawai Andolan
Under Raja Narendra Shah, farmers' lands in Tehri were merged into forest territory. The people formed an Azaad Panchayat in resistance. The Tilari Massacre on 30 May 1930 — now marked as Shaheed Diwas — claimed many lives.
1974 · Chamoli
Chipko Andolan
Women of Reni village, led by Gaura Devi, embraced trees to prevent them from being felled by contractors. Sundarlal Bahuguna and Chandi Prasad Bhatt gave the movement global resonance. "Chipko" (to hug) became a worldwide symbol of ecological resistance.
1990s · Pauri Garhwal
Pani Rakho Andolan
Led by Sachchidanand Bharti of the Dudhtoli Lok Vikas Sansthan, this movement focused on water conservation through traditional Chaal-Khal systems — restoring village ponds and check dams to combat the mountain water crisis.
1996 · Gwaldam
Maiti Andolan
Founded by Kalyan Singh Rawat, this unique movement asks brides to plant saplings on their wedding day and pledge to nurture them. Each married woman becomes a guardian of a living memorial tree, weaving environmental stewardship into the fabric of marriage.

🌾 Baranaja — Ancient Mixed Cropping

An ethnic system unique to Uttarakhand's hills: twelve food crops grown together with finger millet as the main crop. The combination varies by altitude and season, providing food security, natural disease resistance, and maximum output per unit area in diverse mountain conditions.

12
Crops grown together
0
Synthetic inputs needed

⛏️ Mineral Resources

Asbestos Magnesite Copper Graphite Soapstone Gypsum Slate Bitumen (Shilajit) Sulphur Iron Ore

Food of the Mountains

Simple, nourishing, and shaped by altitude — Uttarakhand's cuisine uses coarse grains, mustard oil, and the unique Jakhiya spice to create dishes that sustain life in the high Himalayas.

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Bal Mithai
Fudge-like chocolate-brown sweet coated in white sugar balls
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Kafuli
Slow-cooked leafy greens with fenugreek and coriander
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Phaanu
Dal made from mixed lentils, a Garhwali staple
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Jhangore ki Kheer
Barnyard millet pudding with milk and jaggery
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Chainsoo
Black gram dal roasted and ground — a Garhwal classic
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Madua / Mandua
Finger millet rotis — the staple of mountain households
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Gulgula
Sweet fried dumplings made from wheat and jaggery
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Singori
Khoya wrapped in maalu leaves — a Kumaoni delicacy